Irak

"Irak o Iraq (en árabe: Al-Irq), antiguamente conocido como Mesopotamia, oficialmente República de Irak (en árabe, umhriyat Al-Irq; en kurdo , Komara Îraqê), es un país del suroeste de Asia que abarca la mayor parte del noroeste de la cadena montañosa de Zagros, la parte oriental del desierto de Siria y la septentrional del desierto de Arabia. Comparte fronteras con Kuwait y Arabia Saudita al sur, Jordania al oeste, República Árabe Siria al noroeste, Turquía al norte e Irán al este. Tiene una estrecha franja de costa en Umm Qasr en el golfo Pérsico. Hay dos grandes ríos: el Tigris y el Éufrates. Estos proporcionan tierras en donde se desarrolla la agricultura, en contraste con el paisaje desértico que abarca la mayor parte del Asia Occidental. La historia de Irak se remonta a la antigua Mesopotamia. La región entre los ríos Tigris y Éufrates se identifica como la "cuna de la civilización" y el lugar de nacimiento de la escritura. Durante su historia, Irak ha sido el centro de los imperios sumerio, acadio, asirio, babilónico y abásida, y parte del aqueménida, macedonio, parto, sasánida, omeya, mongol, otomano y británico. Desde la Guerra de Irak de 2003, una coalición multinacional, principalmente estadounidense y británica, ocupó el país. El conflicto subsiguiente ha tenido gran trascendencia: el aumento de la violencia civil, política desglose, la eliminación y ejecución del ex Dictador Saddam Husein, y el desarrollo del equilibrio político y económico. De acuerdo al Índice de Estados Fallidos de 2013, Irak es el undécimo país más inestable. En la actualidad, Irak desarrolla una democracia parlamentaria Plena compuesta por 18 provincias (muhfadht)."

"Iraq (/ræk/, /rk/, or /aræk/; Arabic: al-Irq), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: ) is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds; others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 36 million citizens are Shia or Sunni Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km (36 miles) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain, the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert. Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf. These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, historically known as Mesopotamia, is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation. It was here that mankind first began to read, write, create laws, and live in cities under an organised governmentnotably Uruk, from which "Iraq" is derived. The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC. Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian empires. It was also part of the Median, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Ayyubid, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires. Iraq's modern borders were mostly demarcated in 1920 by the League of Nations when the Ottoman Empire was divided by the Treaty of Sèvres. Iraq was placed under the authority of the United Kingdom as the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. A monarchy was established in 1921 and the Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from Britain in 1932. In 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Iraq was controlled by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party from 1968 until 2003. After an invasion by the United States and its allies in 2003, Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party was removed from power and multi-party parliamentary elections were held in 2005. The American presence in Iraq ended in 2011, but the Iraqi insurgency continued and intensified as fighters from the Syrian Civil War spilled into the country."