Canal de Panamá

"El canal de Panamá es una vía de navegación interoceánica entre el mar Caribe y el océano Pacífico que atraviesa el istmo de Panamá en su punto más estrecho, cuya longitud es de 65 km. Hay esclusas en cada extremo para elevar los barcos hasta el lago Gatún, un lago artificial creado para reducir la cantidad de trabajo requerido para la excavación del canal, a 26 metros sobre el nivel del mar, para después descenderlos hasta el nivel del Pacífico o el Atlántico. Desde su inauguración el 15 de agosto de 1914, ha conseguido acortar en tiempo y distancia la comunicación marítima, dinamizando el intercambio comercial y económico al proporcionar una vía de tránsito corta y relativamente barata entre los dos océanos, influyendo decisivamente en los patrones del comercio mundial, impulsando el crecimiento económico de los países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo, además de proporcionar el impulso básico para la expansión económica de muchas regiones remotas del mundo. En 2012, Estados Unidos, China, Chile, Japón y Corea del Sur fueron los cinco principales usuarios del canal, que lleva de ocho a diez horas cruzar. Antes de su apertura, los pasos naturales utilizados entre los océanos Atlántico y Pacífico eran el estrecho de Magallanes y el cabo de Hornos, ubicados en el extremo austral de Chile. El canal de Panamá y su construcción están consideradas como una de las grandes obras de la ingeniería mundial del siglo XX."

"The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panamá) is an artificial 48-mile (77 km) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. There are locks at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 metres (85 ft) above sea level. The original locks are 33.5 metres (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, Post-Panamax ships, which have a greater cargo capacity than the previous locks were capable of handling. France began work on the canal in 1881 but stopped due to engineering problems and a high worker mortality rate. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal on August 15, 1914. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the Panama Canal shortcut greatly reduced the time for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, enabling them to avoid the lengthy, hazardous Cape Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America via the Drake Passage or Strait of Magellan. Colombia, France, and later the United States controlled the territory surrounding the canal during construction. The US continued to control the canal and surrounding Panama Canal Zone until the 1977 TorrijosCarter Treaties provided for handover to Panama. After a period of joint AmericanPanamanian control, in 1999 the canal was taken over by the Panamanian government and is now managed and operated by the government-owned Panama Canal Authority. Annual traffic has risen from about 1,000 ships in 1914, when the canal opened, to 14,702 vessels in 2008, for a total of 333.7 million Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS) tons. By 2012, more than 815,000 vessels had passed through the canal. It takes six to eight hours to pass through the Panama Canal. The American Society of Civil Engineers has called the Panama Canal one of the seven wonders of the modern world."