Ucrania

"Ucrania (en ucraniano: ; romanización: Ukraína, pronunciación: [ukrjin]) es un Estado soberano ubicado en el este de Europa. Su forma de gobierno es la república que se rige por un sistema semipresidencial, con la separación del poder entre el ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial. Su territorio está organizado según un Estado unitario compuesto por veinticuatro óblast (regiones o provincias) y dos municipios con un estatuto especial: Kiev, la capital, y Sebastopol. Limita con Rusia hacia el este, con Bielorrusia al norte, con Polonia, Eslovaquia y Hungría hacia el oeste, con Rumania y Moldavia al suroeste y con el mar Negro y el mar de Azov al sur. La ciudad de Kiev es la capital y la ciudad más grande del país. El nombre del país proviene del término krajina, que en eslavo puede tener dos significados: «país» o «territorio fronterizo». En ucraniano moderno (kraína) significa «país». La historia moderna de Ucrania comenzó con los eslavos orientales ya que, desde el siglo IX, Ucrania fue el centro del área habitada por este grupo. Este Estado, conocido como Rus de Kiev, se convirtió según The CIA World Factbook en el estado más grande y poderoso de Europa, pero se desintegró en el siglo XII. En los siglos XVI y XVII, Ucrania fue el hogar de la primera democracia moderna (República de las Dos Naciones) durante la rebelión de Jmelnytsky. Después de la Gran Guerra del Norte, Ucrania fue dividida entre varias de las potencias regionales y en el siglo XIX, la mayor parte de Ucrania se integró al Imperio ruso, con el resto bajo el control del Imperio austrohúngaro. Tras un período caótico de guerras incesantes y varios intentos de independencia, en 1922 Ucrania surgió como una de las repúblicas fundadoras de la Unión Soviética. El territorio de la República Socialista Soviética de Ucrania fue ampliado hacia el oeste poco antes y después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y nuevamente en 1954 con la transferencia de Crimea. En 1945, la RSS de Ucrania se convirtió en uno de los miembros fundadores de la ONU. Ucrania alcanzó su independencia tras la disolución de la Unión Soviética en 1991. Esto comenzó un periodo de transición hacia una economía de mercado, durante el cual Ucrania fue afectada por una depresión económica que empezó en 1988, antes de su independencia de la URSS, y que se prolongó hasta 1999. La economía ucraniana experimentó entre 2000 y 2007 un crecimiento sostenido con un incremento promedio del PIB del 7,5% anual; sin embargo, a partir de la crisis financiera global de 2008, padeció una segunda depresión en la que el PIB se contrajo 15% en 2009; entre 2012 y 2014 la variación del PIB ha sido de 0,1%, es decir, prácticamente nula. Desde el colapso de la Unión Soviética, Ucrania sigue manteniendo el segundo ejército más grande en Europa, después de Rusia. El país tiene 46,2 millones de habitantes, 77,8% de los cuales son ucranianos étnicos, con minorías considerables de rusos, bielorrusos y rumanos. El ucraniano es el único idioma oficial, aunque también el ruso se habla ampliamente. La mayoría de la población se declara atea; la religión dominante en el país es el cristianismo ortodoxo, que ha influido en gran medida la arquitectura, la literatura y la música del país."

"Ukraine (/jukren/; Ukrainian: , tr. Ukrayina [ukrjin]) is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland and Slovakia to the west, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia invaded and annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 (233,062 sq mi), making it the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world. It has a population of about 44.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC. During the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire, and later submerged fully into Russia. Two brief periods of independence occurred during the 20th century, once near the end of World War I and another during World War II. However, both occasions would ultimately see Ukraine's territories conquered and consolidated into a Soviet republic, a situation that persisted until 1991, when Ukraine gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of its dissolution at the end of the Cold War. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as "The Ukraine", but sources since then have moved to drop "the" from the name of Ukraine in all uses. Following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. Nonetheless it has formed a limited military partnership with the Russian Federation and other CIS countries and a partnership with NATO since 1994. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO, and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former President Viktor Yanukovych considered the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO. In 2013, protests against the government of President Yanukovych broke out in downtown Kiev after the government made the decision to suspend the Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement and seek closer economic ties with Russia. This began a several-months-long wave of demonstrations and protests known as the Euromaidan, which later escalated into the 2014 Ukrainian revolution that ultimately resulted in the overthrowing of Yanukovych and the establishment of a new government. These events precipitated the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. Both are still ongoing as of August 2016. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine joined the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the European Union. Ukraine has long been a global breadbasket because of its extensive, fertile farmlands, and it remains one of the world's largest grain exporters. The diversified economy of Ukraine includes a large heavy industry sector, particularly in aerospace and industrial equipment. Ukraine is a unitary republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers: legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Its capital and largest city is Kiev. Taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel, Ukraine maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. The country is home to 42.5 million people (excluding Crimea), 77.8% of whom are Ukrainians by ethnicity, followed by a sizeable minority of Russians (17.3%) as well as Romanians/Moldovans, Belarusians, Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, and Hungarians. Ukrainian is the official language of Ukraine; its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy, which has strongly influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature and music."