Venezuela

"Venezuela, oficialmente denominada República Bolivariana de Venezuela, es un país de América situado en la parte septentrional de América del Sur, constituido por una parte continental y por un gran número de islas pequeñas e islotes en el mar Caribe, cuya capital y mayor aglomeración urbana es la ciudad de Caracas. Posee una extensión territorial de 916.445 km². El territorio continental limita al norte con el mar Caribe y el océano Atlántico, al oeste con Colombia, al sur con Brasil y por el este con Guyana. Con este último país, el Gobierno venezolano mantiene una reclamación por la Guayana Esequiba sobre un área de 159.542 km². Por sus espacios marítimos, ejerce soberanía sobre 71.295 km² de mar territorial, 22.224 km² en su zona contigua, 471.507 km² del mar Caribe y del océano Atlántico bajo el concepto de zona económica exclusiva, y 99.889 km² de plataforma continental. Esta zona marina limita con las de trece Estados. Su territorio fue residencia de importantes grupos tribales amerindios, como los caribes. Fue avistado por primera vez durante el tercer viaje de Cristóbal Colón en 1498, y se inició poco después la colonización por parte de España con el posterior mestizaje cultural. Venezuela fue el primer país de América del Sur en proclamar su independencia del Imperio español, proceso que se consolidó con la batalla de Carabobo y la posterior batalla naval del Lago de Maracaibo en 1823 con la expulsión definitiva de las tropas españolas. Tras un largo capítulo de conflictos civiles, la República halló su vía hacia la modernización de la mano de gobiernos autoritarios. A mediados del siglo XX comenzó la lucha por un sistema democrático, que se afianzó luego del derrocamiento de la última dictadura militar en 1958. Debido al auge petrolero, Venezuela vivió un período de alto crecimiento económico, que se vio interrumpido por la crisis energética de los años 1980, que suscitó una etapa de inestabilidad política y social alternada con altibajos financieros. Venezuela es considerado un país en vías de desarrollo, con una economía basada primordialmente en la extracción y refinación del petróleo y otros minerales, así como actividades agropecuarias e industriales. Estaba clasificado como un país de ingresos medianos altos. Se le reconoce también por ser uno de los 17 países megadiversos, con una geografía irregular que combina regiones áridas, selva, extensas sabanas en los Llanos y ambientes andinos. El país posee las mayores reservas de petróleo a nivel mundial, las novenas de gas natural, y las decimosextas en cuanto a oro. Además, cuenta con el conjunto de áreas protegidas más extenso de América Latina, denominadas Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial, las cuales abarcan aproximadamente el 63 % del territorio nacional. Su población alcanzó en 2012 los 30 millones de habitantes, y es ampliamente diversa, porque integra etnias europeas y mestizas, y en menor grado africanas, indígenas y asiáticas. Políticamente, está constituida como un Estado federal democrático, social, de derecho y de justicia, autónomo y soberano, cuya soberanía está consagrada en su Acta de Independencia firmada en 1811. El territorio venezolano se subdivide en 24 entidades federales, 23 Estados un Distrito Capital que comprende a la ciudad de Caracas, y 12 Dependencias Federales en los espacios acuáticos. Existen además otras 216 islas, islotes y cayos, pertenecientes a algunos estados."

"Venezuela (/vnzwel/ VEN--ZWAYL-; Spanish: [beneswela]), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, and the islands of Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east. Venezuela's territory covers around 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi) with an estimated population 31028337. Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity (currently ranks 7th in the world's list of nations with the most number of species), with habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rain-forest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east. The territory currently known as Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American colonies to declare independence, which was not securely established until 1821, when Venezuela was a department of the federal republic of Gran Colombia. It gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional caudillos (military strongmen) until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to several political crises, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez for embezzlement of public funds in 1993. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 election of former coup-involved career officer Hugo Chávez and the launch of the Bolivarian Revolution, beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela. This new constitution officially changed the name of the country to República Bolivariana de Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela). Venezuela is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District (covering Caracas), and federal dependencies (covering Venezuela's offshore islands). Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River, a 159,500-square-kilometre (61,583 sq mi) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación (the "zone being reclaimed"). Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital (Caracas) which is also the largest city in Venezuela. Since the discovery of oil in the early 20th century, Venezuela has the world's largest oil reserves and has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The 1980s oil glut led to an external debt crisis and a long-running economic crisis, in which inflation peaked at 100% in 1996 and poverty rates rose to 66% in 1995 as (by 1998) per capita GDP fell to the same level as 1963, down a third from its 1978 peak. The recovery of oil prices in the early 2000s gave Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1980s. The Venezuelan government then initiated populist/revisionist policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, significantly reducing economic inequality and poverty. Such populist policies were questioned since their initiation and the over dependence on oil funds led to overspending on social programs while strict government polices, which were initially supposed to prevent capital flight, created difficulties for Venezuela's import-reliant businesses. Venezuela under Hugo Chávez suffered "one of the worst cases of Dutch Disease in the world" due to the Bolivarian government's large dependence on oil sales. Poverty and inflation began to increase into the 2010s. Nicolás Maduro was elected in 2013 after the death of Chavez. Venezuela devalued its currency in February 2013 due to the rising shortages in the country, which included those of milk, flour, and other necessities. This led to an increase in malnutrition, especially among children. In 2014, Venezuela entered an economic recession. In 2015, Venezuela had the world's highest inflation rate with the rate surpassing 100%, becoming the highest in the country's history. Economic problems, as well as crime and corruption, were some of the main causes of the 201416 Venezuelan protests, which left more than 50 protesters killed. In a July 22, 2016 decree, President Maduro used his executive power to declare a state of economic emergency. The decree could force citizens to work in agricultural fields and farms for 60-day (or longer) periods to supply food to the country. Colombian border crossings have been temporarily opened to allow Venezuelans to purchase food and basic household and health items in Colombia in mid-2016. In September 2016, news agency Breitbart reported that a study published in the Spanish-language Diario de las Américas indicated that 15% of Venezuelans are eating food waste discarded by commercial establishments. In October 2016, Fox News Latino reported that during a month-long riot at the Táchira Detention Center in Caracas, 40 inmates dismembered and consumed 3 fellow inmates. There have been close to 200 prison riots in Venezuela in 2016, with the cause being attributed to a worsening social situation, increasing poverty and food shortages leading to over crowded prisons. Venezuela is considered a major renowned player in beauty pageants and cosmetics industry, a popular pastime of many Venezuelans, raking in with 22 victorious pageant titles to date."