Armenia

"Armenia (en armenio: , Hayastán), oficialmente República de Armenia, es un país del Cáucaso Sur y sin salida al mar. Comparte frontera al oeste con Turquía, al norte con Georgia, al este con Azerbaiyán y al sur con Irán y la República Autónoma de Najicheván de Azerbaiyán. Armenia es una antigua república soviética, un Estado unitario, multipartidista y en un proceso de democratización que tiene sus raíces en una de las más antiguas civilizaciones del mundo. Dotada de un rico patrimonio cultural, se destacó como la primera nación en adoptar el cristianismo como religión oficial en los primeros años del siglo IV (la fecha tradicional es 301). Aunque Armenia es un estado constitucional secular, la fe cristiana desempeña un papel importante en su historia y en la identidad del pueblo armenio. Cultural, histórica y políticamente, Armenia se considera como parte de Europa. Sin embargo, su localización en el Cáucaso meridional la sitúa en una supuesta frontera imaginaria entre Europa y Asia: en realidad se trata de un país transcontinental, a medio camino entre los dos ámbitos geográficos. Estas clasificaciones son arbitrarias, pues no hay diferencia geográfica fácilmente definible entre Asia y Europa. Armenia es actualmente miembro de más de 35 organizaciones internacionales, incluyendo las Naciones Unidas, el Consejo de Europa, el Banco Asiático de Desarrollo, la Comunidad de Estados Independientes, la Organización Mundial del Comercio y la Organización de Cooperación Económica del Mar Negro. Es uno de los integrantes de la Asociación para la Paz de la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte, así como de la alianza militar Organización del Tratado de la Seguridad Colectiva (OTSC). Es también miembro observador de la Comunidad Económica Eurasiática, de la Francofonía y del Movimiento de Países No Alineados."

"Armenia (/rmini/, /-minj/; Armenian: , tr. Hayastan, IPA: [hjstn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Armenian: , tr. Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun), is a sovereign state in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located in Western Asia, on the Armenian Highland, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. The Republic of Armenia constitutes only one-tenth of historical Armenia. Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. Urartu was established in 860 BC and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. In the 1st century BC the Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great. Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion. In between the late 3rd century to early years of the 4th century, the state became the first Christian nation. The official date of state adoption of Christianity is 301 AD. The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century. Under the Bagratuni dynasty, the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia was restored in the 9th century. Declining due to the wars against the Byzantines, the kingdom fell in 1045 and Armenia was soon after invaded by the Seljuk Turks. An Armenian principality and later a kingdom Cilician Armenia was located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between the 11th and 14th centuries. Between the 16th century and 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and Iranian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire, while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. In 1918, following the Russian Revolution, all non-Russian countries declared their independence after the Russian Empire ceased to exist, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and in 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Transcaucasian state was dissolved, transforming its constituent states, including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, into full Union republics. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. The unique Armenian alphabet was invented by Mesrop Mashtots in 405 AD. Armenia is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union, the Council of Europe and the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Armenia supports the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which was proclaimed in 1991."