Mongolia

"Mongolia (en mongol: , romanización: Mongol Uls) es un país soberano, sin acceso al mar, situado entre las regiones de Asia Oriental y Asia Central. Limita con Rusia al norte y con China al sur. Su capital es Ulán Bator, en donde reside un tercio de la población total. Esta nación hunde sus raíces en el antiguo Imperio Mongol que dominó gran parte de Asia durante el siglo XIII. Posteriormente perdió su independencia al ser asimilado por Manchuria de finales del siglo XVII a 1911, año en que recuperó brevemente su independencia, hasta que en 1919 las tropas chinas ocuparon su capital. En 1921, con la ayuda de la Unión Soviética, volvió a independizarse y tres años más tarde, en 1924, se proclama la República Popular de Mongolia, adoptando políticas comunistas y, de hecho, considerándose un estado satélite de la Unión Soviética. Sin embargo, tras la disolución de la Unión Soviética en 1991, Mongolia aprueba en 1992 una constitución liberal que marca la transición a la democracia representativa y en la que el país cambia el nombre a Mongolia. Es el decimonoveno país más grande, con 1.566.000 kilómetros cuadrados, pero también el menos densamente poblado del mundo: el país está dominado por estepas y montañas al norte y oeste, y el desierto de Gobi al sur. De los 2,8 millones de habitantes, existe una alta tasa de nómadas y seminómadas, que ronda un 30%. Un 90% de los habitantes son de la etnia mongol, con una minoría de etnias túrquicas como el kazajo. El budismo tibetano es la religión mayoritaria del país, siendo junto con Bután las únicas naciones independientes donde esta religión es predominante."

"Mongolia /moli/ (Mongolian: [Monggol Ulus] in Mongolian script; [Mongol Uls] in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked sovereign state in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is bordered by China to the south and Russia to the north. While it does not share a border with Kazakhstan, Mongolia is separated from Kazakhstan by only 36.76 kilometres (22.84 mi). At 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the 18th largest and the most sparsely populated fully sovereign country in the world, with a population of around 3 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country. The country contains very little arable land, as much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 45% of the country's population. Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic; horse culture is still integral. The majority of its population are Buddhists. The non-religious population is the second largest group. Islam is the dominant religion among ethnic Kazakhs. The majority of the state's citizens are of Mongol ethnicity, although Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other minorities also live in the country, especially in the west. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups. The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the Turkic Khaganate, and others. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China to establish the Yuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan. In the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism began to spread in Mongolia, being further led by the Manchu-founded Qing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 1900s, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence from the Qing dynasty, and in 1921 established de facto independence from the Republic of China. Shortly thereafter, the country came under the control of the Soviet Union, which had aided its independence from China. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was declared as a Soviet satellite state. After the anti-Communist revolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution in early 1990. This led to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a market economy."