Cataluña

"Cataluña (en catalán: Catalunya pron. oriental /k.tu./, occidental /ka.talu.a/; en aranés: Catalonha) es una comunidad autónoma española, considerada nacionalidad histórica, situada al nordeste de la península ibérica. Ocupa un territorio de unos 32 000 km² que limita al norte con Francia (Occitania) y Andorra, al este con el mar Mediterráneo a lo largo de una franja marítima de unos 580 kilómetros, al sur con la Comunidad Valenciana, y al oeste con Aragón. Esta situación estratégica ha favorecido una relación muy intensa con los territorios de la cuenca mediterránea y con la Europa continental. Cataluña está formada por las provincias de Barcelona, Gerona, Lérida y Tarragona. Su capital es la ciudad de Barcelona. En el territorio catalán habitan actualmente 7 504 008 personas en un total de 948 municipios de los que 64 superan los 20 000 habitantes (en los que vive el 70 % de la población catalana). Dos tercios de la población vive en el ámbito metropolitano de Barcelona. Constituye un territorio muy denso y altamente industrializado, liderando el sector en España desde el siglo XIX, y su economía es la más importante de entre las comunidades autónomas, al generar el 18,8 % del PIB español. Respecto al PIB per cápita, se sitúa en cuarta posición, tras el País Vasco, la Comunidad de Madrid y Navarra. Según datos del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas de 2007, su índice de desarrollo humano (0,958) es el octavo mayor de España, por detrás de la comunidad autónoma de La Rioja, y por delante de Asturias."

"Catalonia (Catalan: Catalunya, Occitan: Catalonha, Spanish: Cataluña) is an autonomous community of the Kingdom of Spain, located on the northeastern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula. It is designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy. Catalonia consists of four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. The capital and largest city is Barcelona, the second-largest city in Spain and the seventh-most populous urban area in the European Union. Catalonia comprises most of the territory of the former Principality of Catalonia, with the remainder now part of France's Pyrénées-Orientales. It is bordered by France and Andorra to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east, and the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon to the west and Valencia to the south. The official languages are Catalan, Spanish, and the Aranese dialect of Occitan. In the late 8th century, the counties of the March of Gothia and the Hispanic March were established by Francia as feudatory vassals across and near the eastern Pyrenees as a defensive barrier against Muslim invasions. The eastern counties of these marches were united under the rule of the Frankish vassal the Count of Barcelona, and were later called Catalonia. In 1137, Catalonia and the Kingdom of Aragon were united by marriage under the Crown of Aragon, and the Principality of Catalonia became the base for the Crown of Aragon's naval power and expansionism in the Mediterranean. In the later Middle Ages Catalan literature flourished. Between 1469 and 1516, the King of Aragon and the Queen of Castile married and ruled their kingdoms together, retaining all their distinct institutions, Courts (parliament), and constitutions. During the Franco-Spanish War (163559), Catalonia revolted (164052) against a large and burdensome presence of the Royal army in its territory, becoming a republic under French protection. Within a brief period France took full control of Catalonia, at a high economic costs for Catalonia, until it was largely reconquered by the Spanish army. Under the terms of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, which ended the wider Franco-Spanish War, the Spanish Crown ceded the northern parts of Catalonia, mostly incorporated in the county of Roussillon, to France. During the War of the Spanish Succession (170114), the Crown of Aragon sided against the Bourbon Philip V of Spain, whose subsequent victory led to the abolition of non-Castilian institutions in all of Spain and the replacement of Latin and other languages (such as Catalan) with Spanish in legal documents. In the nineteenth century, Catalonia was severely affected by the Napoleonic and Carlist Wars. In the second half of the century Catalonia experienced industrialisation. As wealth from the industrial expansion grew, Catalonia saw a cultural renaissance coupled with incipient nationalism while several workers movements appeared. In 1914, the four Catalan provinces formed a Commonwealth, and with the return of democracy during the Second Spanish Republic (193139), the Generalitat of Catalonia was restored as an autonomous government. After the Spanish Civil War, the Francoist dictatorship enacted repressive measures, abolishing Catalan institutions and banning the official use of the Catalan language again. From the late 1950s through to the early 1970s, Catalonia saw rapid economic growth, drawing many workers from across Spain, making Barcelona one of Europe's largest industrial metropolitan areas and turning Catalonia into a major tourist destination. Since the Spanish transition to democracy (197582), Catalonia has regained some political and cultural autonomy and is now one of the most economically dynamic communities of Spain."