Irlanda

"Irlanda (irlandés: Éire, [e]; inglés: Ireland) es un país soberano, miembro de la Unión Europea, que ocupa la mayor parte de la isla homónima. Su capital es Dublín, situada al este de la isla. El país tiene una única frontera terrestre, con Irlanda del Norte, una de las naciones constitutivas del Reino Unido. La isla está rodeada por el océano Atlántico y tiene el mar Céltico al sur, el canal de San Jorge al sureste y el mar de Irlanda al este. Es una república parlamentaria con un presidente electo que ejerce de jefe de Estado. El jefe del gobierno, el Taoiseach, es nombrado por la Cámara Baja del Parlamento, la Dáil Éireann. El moderno Estado irlandés consiguió su independencia efectiva del Reino Unido en 1922, tras una guerra de independencia que acabó con la firma del Tratado anglo-irlandés, mientras que Irlanda del Norte optó por permanecer en el Reino Unido. Aunque en principio Irlanda fue un dominio dentro del Imperio británico, con el nombre de Estado Libre Irlandés, en 1931 se clarificó su completa independencia legislativa y en 1937 adoptó una nueva constitución y el nombre de Irlanda. En 1949 se eliminaron los deberes restantes de la figura del rey de Irlanda y el país se declaró una república. El Estado no tuvo relaciones formales con Irlanda del Norte durante la mayor parte del siglo xx, pero desde 1999 han cooperado en varias políticas en el marco del Consejo Ministerial Norte-Sur creado por el Acuerdo de Viernes Santo. A principios del siglo xx, las medidas económicas proteccionistas debilitaron la economía irlandesa y por ello fueron desmanteladas en los años 1950. Irlanda se unió a la Comunidad Económica Europea en 1973. El liberalismo económico desde finales de los años 1980 resultó en una rápida expansión económica, particularmente entre 1995 y 2007, etapa en que Irlanda fue conocida como el Tigre Celta. La República de Irlanda está en la actualidad entre los países más ricos del mundo en términos de renta per cápita. En 2008 comenzó una crisis financiera sin precedentes que, unida a la crisis económica mundial, puso fin a esta etapa de rápido crecimiento económico. En 2011 y 2013, Irlanda apareció en el séptimo lugar de las naciones más desarrolladas del mundo en el índice de desarrollo humano de las Naciones Unidas. Asimismo, la república irlandesa está en los puestos más altos en materia de libertad económica, política y de prensa. Actualmente, Irlanda es uno de los países fundadores del Consejo de Europa y de la OCDE. El país sigue una política de neutralidad y no alineación y por ello no es miembro de la OTAN, aunque sí participa en la Asociación para la Paz."

"(This article is about the sovereign state. For the revolutionary republic of 19191922, see Irish Republic. For other uses, see Ireland (disambiguation).) Ireland (/arlnd/; Irish: Éire [e] ), also described as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the eastern part of the island, and whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country's 4.75 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint George's Channel to the south-east and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The legislature, the Oireachtas, consists of a lower house, Dáil Éireann, an upper house, Seanad Éireann, and an elected President (Uachtarán) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the Taoiseach (Prime Minister, literally 'Chief', a title not used in English), who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, and appoints other government ministers. The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It had the status of dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted, in which the state was named "Ireland" and effectively became a republic, with an elected non-executive president as head of state. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948. Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the European Union, in 1973. The state had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the twentieth century, but during the 1980s and 1990s the British and Irish governments worked with the Northern Ireland parties towards a resolution to "the Troubles". Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the Irish government and Northern Ireland Executive have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the North-South Ministerial Council created by the Agreement. Ireland ranks among the top twenty-five wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita, and as the tenth most prosperous country in the world according to The Legatum Prosperity Index 2015. After joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which became known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008, in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth (with Germany) most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. It also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a founding member of the Council of Europe and the OECD. The Irish government has followed a policy of military neutrality through non-alignment since immediately prior to World War II and the country is consequently not a member of NATO, although it is a member in Partnership for Peace."